Genetic Variation Cues Social Anxiety In Monkeys And Humans

ScienceDaily (Jan. 14, 2009) — A genetic variation involving the brain chemical serotonin has been found to shape the social behavior of rhesus macaque monkeys, which could provide researchers with a new model for studying autism, social anxiety and schizophrenia. Humans and macaques are the only members of the primate family to have this particular genetic trait.

"We have found very similar gene-based disruptions in social rewards shared by monkeys and by humans," said Michael Platt, Ph.D., associate professor of neurobiology at Duke University Medical Center and an expert in neuroeconomics.

Platt's research group at Duke studied behavior and social anxiety in two groups of monkeys with variations in the serotonin transporter gene, crucial to regulating emotion. Based on earlier observations in humans, the scientists knew that humans carry two versions of the gene, long and short. Some people have two long versions (L/L), but the people with one of each (S/L) are known to experience a higher incidence of social anxiety and other behaviors.

In a series of experiments, the S version of the gene in monkeys was found to influence their risk-taking when faced with particular social stimuli.

"Based on work in humans, we interpreted this to reflect an induction of a fearful emotional state, which often leads people to become risk averse," said Karli Watson, Ph.D., of the Duke Department of Neurobiology, lead author on the paper.

In human populations of European ancestry, 48% are S/L and 36% are L/L. The rest are S/S. The S allele is more common in Asian populations, Watson noted.

The authors conducted three experiments with male monkeys that had been genotyped for the S/L or L/L variants to learn how genetic variation might influence their responses to social rewards and punishments. They found that monkeys with one copy of the short gene spent less time gazing at images of the face and eyes of other monkeys, were less likely to engage in risk-taking behavior, and less likely to want to view a picture of a high-status male.

"For both human and non-human primates, faces and eyes are a rich source of social information, and it's well established that both humans and macaques tend to direct visual attention to faces, especially the eye region," Platt said. "Rhesus monkeys live in highly despotic societies, and convey social rank information by making threats and showing dominant and submissive behaviors."

In the eye imaging experiment, the monkeys were observed while being shown images of the faces or scrambled faces of familiar monkeys. In addition to spending less time looking at faces and eyes, the S/L monkeys also had larger pupil diameters when gazing at photos of high-status male macaques, indicating higher arousal.

"Their brains set off alarms," Platt said. "In human studies, people with the short version of the gene often show hyperactive amygdalas, a part of the brain involved in detecting threats in the environment. In autism, too, people often don't look people directly in the eye, which may point to a new avenue of research."

In a second experiment, the S/L monkeys were less willing to take risks after they were primed with the faces of high-status males. They more often chose a "safe" option of a fixed volume of juice, rather than the chance for a greater or lesser amount, the "risky" choice. Previous studies have found that inducing fear in human subjects makes them more risk-averse. "Our findings showed that faces of high-status males cause greater fear in the S/L monkey," Platt said.

The final experiment was a pay-per-view set-up. The monkeys could have a juice reward paired with an image or a juice reward without any image. The images were of high-status male faces, low-status male faces, female genitals or a gray square. The S/L monkeys actually had to be paid juice to view the dominant males, while the L/L monkeys gave up juice for a look at these faces.

"Heightened sensitivity to social threats may prove to be helpful in many ways, because success in a social group depends on seizing opportunities while avoiding any potential harmful, antagonistic interactions," Watson said.

"Altogether, our data show that genetic variation in serotonin function does contribute to social reward and punishment in macaques, and thus shapes social behavior in both humans and rhesus macaques," Watson said. "This study confirms rhesus monkeys can serve as a model of what goes on in our brains, even in the case of social behavior."

The study appears in the online journal PLoS One on Jan. 13.

Jason H. Ghodasra, also a study author, is a medical student in the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, in Chicago. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants, the Cure Autism Now Foundation, and a Howard Hughes Undergraduate Research Fellowship.

I'd like to see what happens when they medicate the s/l monkeys.

Sky are you trying to say this would not apply to humans? Also the apparent flippant response would make me think you have no respect for this research.

I am amazed that we can see behavioral effects from changes in genes and we understand this relationship . . .

Perhaps more behaviour research into humans would be of more importance....

monkeys do what they need to do, and evolve at the rate they need to...

we need insight into why it is humanity has devolved so rapidly...not macaques...


Sorry Bbc... it seems distractive science.... anything but really address OUR social behaviours....

to understand humans better.... study humans... to understand macaques better..... study macaques.

I'd like to see what happens when they medicate the s/l monkeys.

I think people are skeptical of any kind of behavioral analysis because they are afraid they it means the loss of free will.

If you are born with a genetic disease that makes you randomly shout obscenities which prevents any kind of normal social interaction, you spend your entire life alone and disjointed from society.

Would you like science to change that?

Your arguments are wearing blinders sky and show your personal fears. Reality is reality regardless of your fear of it.

Yea . . . sure sky, thats why I posted this article, to show how scary it is to understand the workings under the hood.

Regardless of how much we know, or how we use that knowledge, it is only a good thing to further our understanding even if it does mean going down a wrong side trail to lead to the destination. I cannot imagine shunning facts and idea's because they are uncomfortable . . . . You have ever right to not agree, and I have ever right to now really care.

I have a question to anyone who thinks this research is not applicable to humans, read the article and tell me how any of the behaviors are not behaviors that we share as humans?

Eye contact is related to assertiveness which is related to levels of anxiety, if you cannot see the connections then why post, all it does it demonstrate your lack of social observations.

I don't believe anything regarding this, I accept the research was well done.

I was under the impression that you believe the genetics to be the cause of the behaviour. But if that's not the case then I stand corrected.